The latest PDE was published in November 2019. This report presents the Brazilian energy sector expansion for the next ten years. It is the most comprehensive plan for the energy sector in Brazil, providing detailed information on capacity additions for power generation, investments estimates and fuel production plans and demand projections.
PDE’s primary purpose is to indicate the prospects of expansion of the energy sector with a horizon of ten years, from the perspective of the Brazilian Government. PDE targets 40 GW wind, 16 GW biomass, 9 GW small hydropower and 104 GW large hydropower installed by 2029. It further targets 48% renewable share (36% excluding hydropower) in total primary energy supply by 2029, and 81% renewable share (34% excluding hydropower) in total electricity generation by 2029.
(February 2020)
- Argentina
- Iran
- Singapore
- Australia
- Japan
- South Africa
- Bhutan
- Kazakhstan
- South Korea
- Brazil
- Kenya
- Switzerland
- Canada
- Mexico
- Thailand
- Chile
- Morocco
- The Gambia
- China
- Nepal
- Turkey
- Colombia
- New Zealand
- Ukraine
- Costa Rica
- Nigeria
- United Arab Emirates
- Egypt
- Norway
- United Kingdom
- Ethiopia
- Peru
- Viet Nam
- European Union
- Philippines
- Germany
- India
- Russian Federation
- United states of America
- Indonesia
- Saudi Arabia
- 7Name: Share of renewables (%)Value: 17Base year: -Target year: 2024Comments: Share of renewables in electricity generation excl. Hydro (%), Share of renewables in electricity generation excl. Hydro (%), Electricity capacity Hydro (GW), Electricity capacity small hydro (GW), Electricity capacity bioenergy (GW), Electricity capacity solar (GW), Electricity capacity wind (GW), Share of renewables in TPES including hydro (%), Share of renewables in TPES excluding hydro (%), Share of bioenergy in TPES (%)
- 8Name: Share of renewables (%)Value: 22Base year: -Target year: 2029Comments: -
- 9Name: Capacity of renewables (MW)Value: 104.7Base year: -Target year: 2029Comments: -
- 10Name: Capacity of renewables (MW)Value: 9.96Base year: -Target year: 2029Comments: -
The Climate Policy Database collects greenhouse gas mitigation policies
Policies included in this database are often a combination of policies with an explicit climate change mitigation objective, such as greenhouse gas emissions reduction strategies; energy policies, that help to decarbonise the energy supply and/or reduce energy demand; and policies that aim to introduce low-emissions practices and technologies to non-energy sectors, such as agriculture and land use.
In this database a policy can be a law, strategic document, a target, or any other policy document that result in lasting reduction on the country’s emissions intensity. The Climate Policy Database does not track policies covering very specific areas, such as efficiency standards for individual engine types.
The Climate Policy Database closely tracks national climate policy developments in 42 countries including the European Union (EU) (see list below) and includes non-exhaustive information on other countries. The EU is treated as a country. Coverage of subnational and supranational policies is non-exhaustive for all countries.
For more details about our methodology and the list of indicators in the database, please download our documentation.
Table: Countries frequently updated in the CPDB
The CPDB is annually updated to include latest policy developments. These updated include new policies adopted and updates on existing policies, such as changes to the content and implementation status of policies (for example, when a policy is ended, superseded, or goes from being planned to in force).
Updating the CPDB is a collaborative effort of country experts who track new policies adopted in individual countries as part of their specific work. This research process includes surveying existing policy databases (see list below), as well as analysing official government documents, third-party reports, news sites and others.
Figure: Overview of CDPB data collection process.
The CPDB core team collects information from country experts and categorises it according to the CPDB’s taxonomies (see below). New or updated policies are checked against existing policies to ensure consistency and avoid duplication. Finally new policies are uploaded to the CPDB website. A bulk update is planned every year, where the previous year’s policies are added to the database, with smaller updates also happening throughout the year.
The CPDB classifies policies in key areas according to custom taxonomies to enable comparative policy analyses. These taxonomies were developed based on extensive research on climate policies and aim at providing a menu of options in important areas, to help track progress and identify gaps in policy adoption (Nascimento et al., 2022). The CPDB classifies policies according to the following main taxonomies.
Table: Summary of key CPDB taxonomies
Taxonomies | Elements |
Sectors | Agriculture and Forestry, Buildings, Electricity and heat, General, Industry, Transport |
Policy instrument types | Economic instruments, Regulatory instruments, Codes and standards, Voluntary approaches |
Mitigation area | Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency, Energy efficiency, Renewables, Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch, Non-energy, Cross-area policy options |
For more information about the taxonomies is included in our documentaion or in the publication:
Nascimento, L. et al. (2022) ‘Twenty years of climate policy: G20 coverage and gaps’, Climate Policy, 22(2), pp. 158–174. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1993776.
Climate Policy Database publication
Nascimento, L., Kuramochi, T., Iacobuta, G., den Elzen, M., Fekete, H., Weishaupt, M., van Soest, H., Roelfsema, M., De Vivero-Serrano, G., Lui, S., Hans, F., Jose de Villafranca, M., & Höhne, N. (2021). Twenty years of climate policy: G20 coverage and gaps. Climate Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1993776
Related publications (as of March 2023)
Allegretti, G., Montoya, M.A., Bertussi, L.A.S. and Talamini, E. (2022) ‘When being renewable may not be enough: Typologies of trends in energy and carbon footprint towards sustainable development’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 168, p. 112860. doi:10.1016/J.RSER.2022.112860
Best B, Thema J, Zell-Ziegler C, Wiese F, Barth J, Breidenbach S, Nascimento L, Wilke H. Building a database for energy sufficiency policies. F1000Res. 2022 Feb 24;11:229. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.108822.2. PMID: 35474880; PMCID: PMC9010800.
Chateau, J., Jaumotte, F. and Schwerhoff, G. (no date) ‘Climate Policy Options: A Comparison of Economic Performance’. doi:10.5089/9798400226953.001
D’Orazio, P. (2022) ‘Mapping the emergence and diffusion of climate-related financial policies: Evidence from a cluster analysis on G20 countries’, International Economics, 169, pp. 135–147. doi:10.1016/J.INTECO.2021.11.005
Giarola, S., Mittal, S., Vielle, M., Perdana, S., Campagnolo, L., Delpiazzo, E., Bui, H., Kraavi, A. A., Kolpakov, A., Sognnaes, I., Peters, G., Hawkes, A., Köberle, A. C., Grant, N., Gambhir, A., Nikas, A., Doukas, H., Moreno, J., & van de Ven, D.-J. (2021). Challenges in the harmonisation of global integrated assessment models: A comprehensive methodology to reduce model response heterogeneity. Science of The Total Environment, 783, 146861. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146861
Guy, J., Shears, E., & Meckling, J. (2023). National models of climate governance among major emitters. Nature Climate Change, 13(2), 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01589-x
Eisenkopf, A. and Burgdorf, C. (2022) ‘Policy measures and their impact on transport performance, modal split and greenhouse gas emissions in German long-distance passenger transport’, Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 14, p. 100615. doi:10.1016/J.TRIP.2022.100615
den Elzen, M.G.J., Dafnomilis, I., Forsell, N., et al. (2022) ‘Updated nationally determined contributions collectively raise ambition levels but need strengthening further to keep Paris goals within reach’, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 27(6), p. 33. doi:10.1007/s11027-022-10008-7
Ghobadi, A., Fallah, M., Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, R. and Kazemipoor, H. (2022) ‘A Fuzzy Two-Echelon Model to Optimize Energy Consumption in an Urban Logistics Network with Electric Vehicles’, Sustainability 2022, Vol. 14, Page 14075, 14(21), p. 14075. doi:10.3390/SU142114075
Iacobuta, G., Dubash, N. K., Upadhyaya, P., Deribe, M., & Höhne, N. (2018). National climate change mitigation legislation, strategy and targets: a global update. Climate Policy, 18(9), 1114–1132. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1489772
Kamińska, A.G. (2022) ‘Environmental Protection and Italian Constitutional Reform. Some Profiles of Interest and Critical Remarks’, Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie, 15(1), pp. 73–84. doi:10.32084/tkp.4456
Linsenmeier, M., Mohommad, A., & Schwerhoff, G. (2022). Policy sequencing towards carbon pricing among the world’s largest emitters. Nature Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01538-8
Malik, A., Bertram, C., Despres, J., Emmerling, J., Fujimori, S., Garg, A., Kriegler, E., Luderer, G., Mathur, R., Roelfsema, M., Shekhar, S., Vishwanathan, S., & Vrontisi, Z. (2020). Reducing stranded assets through early action in the Indian power sector. Environmental Research Letters, 15(9), 94091. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8033
Mundaca, L., Sonnenschein, J., Steg, L., Höhne, N., & Ürge-Vorsatz, D. (2019). The global expansion of climate mitigation policy interventions, the Talanoa Dialogue and the role of behavioural insights. Environmental Research Communications, 1(6), 61001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab26d6
Nascimento, L., Kuramochi, T. and Höhne, N. (2022) ‘The G20 emission projections to 2030 improved since the Paris Agreement, but only slightly’, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 27(6), p. 39. doi:10.1007/s11027-022-10018-5
Roelfsema, M., van Soest, H.L., Harmsen, M. et al. Taking stock of national climate policies to evaluate implementation of the Paris Agreement. Nat Commun 11, 2096 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15414-6
Roelfsema, M., van Soest, H.L., den Elzen, M., et al. (2022) ‘Developing scenarios in the context of the Paris Agreement and application in the integrated assessment model IMAGE: A framework for bridging the policy-modelling divide’, Environmental Science & Policy, 135, pp. 104–116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.05.001
Roelfsema, M., Fekete, H., Höhne, N., den Elzen, M., Forsell, N., Kuramochi, T., de Coninck, H., & van Vuuren, D. P. (2018). Reducing global GHG emissions by replicating successful sector examples: the ‘good practice policies’ scenario. Climate Policy, 18(9), 1103–1113. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1481356
Schaub, S., Tosun, J., Jordan, A. and Enguer, J. (2022) ‘Climate Policy Ambition: Exploring A Policy Density Perspective’, Politics and Governance; Vol 10, No 3 (2022): Exploring Climate Policy Ambition [Preprint]. doi:10.17645/pag.v10i3.5347
Scott, W.A., Rhodes, E. and Hoicka, C. (2023) ‘Multi-level climate governance: examining impacts and interactions between national and sub-national emissions mitigation policy mixes in Canada’, https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2185586 [Preprint]. doi:10.1080/14693062.2023.2185586
Shen, C. and Wang, Y. (2023) ‘Concerned or Apathetic? Exploring online public opinions on climate change from 2008 to 2019: A Comparative study between China and other G20 countries’, Journal of Environmental Management, 332, p. 117376. doi:10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2023.117376