Policy coverage:

General
Very poor
Poor
Fair
Good
Very good
Electricity and heat
Very poor
Poor
Fair
Good
Very good
Industry
Very poor
Poor
Fair
Good
Very good
Buildings
Very poor
Poor
Fair
Good
Very good
Land transport
Very poor
Poor
Fair
Good
Very good
Agriculture and forestry
Very poor
Poor
Fair
Good
Very good

Policy matrix and sectoral coverage

The matrix below provides an overview of what constitutes comprehensive climate policy coverage (details are provided here). The options were identified based on policies that are generally agreed to contribute to emissions reductions (IPCC, 2014), represent sector-level example policies, which have been successful in specific contexts (UNFCCC, 2018; UNEP, 2019), or are expected to result in sufficient sectoral transformation to achieve emissions reductions (Mitchell et al., 2011; GEA, 2012; OECD/IEA and IRENA, 2017; IEA, 2018, 2019). For a complete list of climate policies in this country, see the table at the bottom of the page.

Legend:
At least one policy in force
No policy in force
Not applicable
Policy option Related policies Change activity Energy efficiency Renewables Other low carbon Non-energy
Climate strategy
GHG reduction target
Coordinating body for climate strategy

Country has not adopted this policy option.

No fossil fuel subsidies

Country has not adopted this policy option.

Support for low-emission and negative emissions RD&D
Economy-wide energy efficiency target
Renewable target for primary energy
Policy option Related policies Change activity Energy efficiency Renewables Other low carbon Non-energy
Support for highly efficient power plant stock
Energy reduction obligation schemes
Renewable energy target for electricity sector
Support scheme for renewables
Grid infrastructure development and electricity storage
Coal and oil phase-out policies
Support scheme for CCS
Support for non-renewable low-carbon alternatives
Overarching carbon pricing scheme
Energy and other taxes
Policy option Related policies Change activity Energy efficiency Renewables Other low carbon Non-energy
Strategy for material efficiency
Support for energy efficiency in industrial production
Energy reporting and audits
Performance and equipment standards
Support scheme for renewables
Support scheme for CCS
Support scheme for fuel switch

Country has not adopted this policy option.

Carbon dioxide removal technology development

Country has not adopted this policy option.

Incentives to reduce CH4 from fuel exploration and production
Incentives to reduce landfill CH4
Incentives to reduce N2O from industrial processes
Incentives to reduce F-gases
Overarching carbon pricing scheme or emissions limit
Energy and other taxes
Policy option Related policies Change activity Energy efficiency Renewables Other low carbon Non-energy
Urban planning strategies

Country has not adopted this policy option.

Building codes and standards as well as support for highly efficient construction
Performance and equipment standards as well as support for highly efficient appliances
Support scheme for heating and cooling

Country has not adopted this policy option.

Support scheme for hot water and cooking

Country has not adopted this policy option.

Energy and other taxes
Policy option Related policies Change activity Energy efficiency Renewables Other low carbon Non-energy
Urban planning and infrastructure investment
Energy/emissions performance standards or support for energy efficient light-duty vehicles
Energy/emissions performance standards or support for energy efficient heavy-duty vehicles
Support scheme for biofuels
Support for modal share switch
Support for low-emissions land transportation
Tax on fuel and/or emissions
Policy option Related policies Change activity Energy efficiency Renewables Other low carbon Non-energy
Standards and support for sustainable agricultural practices and use of agricultural products
Incentives to reduce CO2 emissions from agriculture
Incentives to reduce CH4 emissions from agriculture
Incentives to reduce N2O emissions from agriculture
Incentives to reduce deforestation and enhance afforestation and reforestation
Sustainability standards for biomass use

List of climate policies in European Union

Policy name Sector Policy type Decision date
Industrial Carbon Management Strategy European Union (2024) 2024
Directive (EU) 2023/959 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a system for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading European Union (2023) 2023
Critical Raw Materials Act European Union (2023) 2023
Recast Energy Efficiency Directive (EU) 2023/1791 European Union (2023) 2023
Regulation (EU) 2023/955 establishing a Social Climate Fund European Union (2023) 2023
Regulation (EU) 2023/957 providing for the inclusion of maritime transport activities in the EU Emissions Trading System European Union (2023) 2023
Regulation (EU) 2023/956 establishing a carbon border adjustment mechanism European Union (2023) 2023

European Union policies

Distribution across mitigation areas

141
108
101
113
118